Please wait...
Compare Route with: Select Train for Comparison 16317/Himsagar Express
Shortest Route: 533 Stations. 3335 km.
Train: 537 Stations. 3428 km. Train Route between Thiruvananthapuram Central (Trivandrum) and Jammu Tawi is longer by 93 km (3%).
Hide/Show Route Stations Shortest Route 532 Stations Km TVC 0.0 TVP 2.48 KCVL 7.08 VELI 9.28 KZK 13.25 KXP 17.33 MQU 21.31 PGZ 24.57 CRY 28.64 KVU 31.78 AMY 34.49 VAK 40.89 EVA 44.65 KFI 47.56 PVU 52.12 MYY 55.67 IRP 59.95 16 stations QLN 64.55 PRND 73.65 MQO 79.49 STKT 84.01 KPY 91.81 OCR 99.37 5 stations KYJ 105.45 CHPD 113.17 HAD 118.36 KVTA 124.22 TZH 130.86 AMPA 136.57 PNPR 141.62 ALLP 148.8 TMPY 152.79 KAVR 158.25 MAKM 161.61 TRVZ 166.71 SRTL 172.56 VAY 178.9 TUVR 182.59 EZP 187.66 AROR 193.14 KUMM 198.25 TNU 201.47 18 stations ERS 205.97 ERSC 207.52 ERN 208.52 IPL 214.62 KLMR 219.25 AWY 225.46 CWR 228.66 AFK 234.6 KUC 239.43 KRAN 243.93 DINR 247.72 CKI 250.11 IJK 256.18 NYI 262.69 PUK 266.5 OLR 273.5 TCR 279.98 PNQ 282.36 MGK 289.27 WKI 296.75 MUC 305.04 VTK 309.04 SRRB 311.88 22 stations SRR 313.06 KRKD 318.66 PTB 324.57 KODN 329.29 PUM 333.66 PEU 338.95 KTU 342.99 TUA 349.44 TIR 358.05 TA 366.05 PGI 374.14 VLI 379.12 KN 384.6 FK 389.31 KUL 397.49 CLT 399.29 VLL 401.2 WH 403.85 ETR 411.09 CMC 418.23 QLD 423.62 VEK 429.08 TKT 432.87 PYOL 435.85 IGL 441.75 BDJ 445.55 NAU 451.0 MUKE 454.66 MAHE 458.42 JGE 465.26 TLY 467.65 DMD 472.11 ETK 475.94 CS 484.68 CAN 488.33 CQL 493.16 VAPM 495.23 PPNS 496.79 KPQ 502.82 PAZ 510.35 ELM 519.22 PAY 522.0 TKQ 528.21 CDRA 532.54 CHV 536.77 NLE 542.03 KZE 551.32 BFR 560.09 KQK 564.95 KLAD 571.5 KGQ 574.43 KMQ 586.64 UAA 596.49 MJS 603.34 ULL 611.81 TKOT 615.2 NTVT 617.71 XX-MAJO 618.69 57 stations MAJN 621.56 XX-MAJC 623.02 XX-PADB 623.87 KULA 626.2 JOKT 635.32 TOK 637.98 XX-TOKC 639.2 SL 642.3 MULK 651.35 NAND 658.71 PDD 667.85 INJ 674.57 UD 683.97 BKJ 700.27 KUDA 715.96 SEN 729.76 BIJR 743.57 BYNR 749.5 SHMI 757.37 BTJL 764.62 CTTP 770.8 MRDW 779.38 MANK 787.84 HNA 805.56 KT 819.41 MRJN 826.3 GOK 838.43 ANKL 846.52 HAA 860.83 KAWR 874.56 AT 882.31 LOL 891.85 CNO 901.78 BLLI 918.35 33 stations MAO 934.75 SRVX 939.3 1 stations MJO 942.33 VEN 947.28 KRMI 963.43 THVM 980.87 PERN 991.8 MADR 1002.41 SWV 1010.3 ZARP 1020.83 KUDL 1031.12 SNDD 1041.72 KKW 1059.41 NAN 1074.86 ACRN 1081.65 VBW 1090.53 KRPN 1098.6 RAJP 1107.1 SUAL 1114.46 VID 1123.8 VRLI 1129.37 ADVI 1139.39 NIV 1155.56 RN 1170.85 BOKE 1177.5 UKC 1190.01 SGR 1203.73 KDVI 1211.09 AVRD 1223.99 SVX 1227.76 KMAH 1236.53 CHI 1246.26 ANO 1262.45 KHED 1275.86 KLBN 1283.72 DWV 1293.48 VINH 1303.4 KFD 1311.46 SAPE 1319.71 VEER 1327.24 GNO 1333.47 MNI 1343.79 INP 1350.38 KOL 1361.26 ROHA 1374.28 NIDI 1378.27 NGTN 1387.25 KASU 1400.64 PEN 1414.16 HMRR 1424.25 JITE 1429.06 APTA 1433.67 RSYI 1437.11 SMNE 1443.78 51 stations PNVL 1449.07 KLMG 1454.04 KLMC 1454.09 NVRD 1456.54 TPND 1459.88 NIIJ 1468.51 AGSN 1471.97 DTVL 1472.71 DWJN 1474.25 KOPR 1476.93 UBCN 1480.64 BIRD 1484.91 KHBV 1493.07 KARD 1501.35 JCNR 1506.91 14 stations BSR 1512.24 NSP 1516.37 VCSV 1518.32 VR 1520.59 VTN 1529.13 SAH 1536.95 KLV 1543.29 PLG 1551.69 UOI 1558.24 BOR 1562.98 VGN 1572.39 DRD 1584.7 GVD 1595.82 BRRD 1600.74 UBR 1605.22 SJN 1610.38 BLD 1621.92 KEB 1626.79 VAPI 1633.2 BAGD 1640.02 UVD 1643.11 PAD 1648.88 ATUL 1652.59 BL 1659.34 DGI 1668.4 JRS 1673.5 25 stations BIM 1677.54 AML 1682.9 ACL 1686.76 VDH 1690.15 HXR 1694.01 GNST 1695.49 NVS 1698.62 MRL 1707.03 SCH 1713.66 BHET 1718.75 XX-UDNB 1721.03 10 stations UDN 1724.22 ST 1728.22 URN 1731.91 KSE 1735.23 GTX 1738.75 SYN 1741.9 KDSD 1749.04 KIM 1751.81 KSB 1759.61 HAT 1763.97 PAO 1767.8 SNJL 1772.43 11 stations AKV 1778.07 CCTA 1778.82 1 stations BH 1787.38 XX-BHBC 1788.69 CVJ 1793.06 NIU 1799.57 VRE 1806.58 PLJ 1812.92 LKD 1819.99 6 stations MYG 1828.12 KSPR 1835.82 ITA 1839.82 VRM 1843.68 MPR 1849.33 VS 1854.99 5 stations BRC 1857.93 BRGY 1862.19 BDA 1864.16 BJW 1865.22 KRCA 1867.44 RNO 1870.59 NDR 1872.87 6 stations VDA 1878.16 ADD 1882.86 VXD 1886.89 2 stations ANND 1893.42 XX-ANNC 1894.26 1 stations KBRV 1901.19 UTD 1906.73 1 stations ND 1912.18 GTE 1921.29 MHD 1929.76 NEP 1933.6 KANJ 1936.79 BJD 1941.18 GER 1944.47 VY 1949.01 VTA 1949.85 MAN 1954.58 KKEC 1955.94 KKF 1955.94 11 stations ADI 1957.94 SBTA 1961.63 SBIB 1963.54 2 stations SBI 1963.54 KLRD 1966.15 SBID 1967.06 CDK 1968.29 KHDB 1973.62 SHRD 1980.18 5 stations KLL 1984.5 ENBG 1989.69 EN 1989.69 PNSR 1991.94 PN 1991.94 JUL 1994.13 GUS 1997.67 GUSB 1997.68 DNW 2000.73 KYSD 2005.2 KYSB 2005.21 10 stations UMN 2008.93 JDNM 2016.45 JDN 2016.45 SXS 2021.27 3 stations MSH 2026.42 BHU 2036.39 UAR 2043.24 UJA 2048.11 KMLI 2055.47 SID 2061.79 DRW 2067.38 CHP 2075.04 UM 2082.82 8 stations PNU 2091.25 KRJD 2097.18 CTT 2102.77 JTY 2107.09 IQG 2113.21 SZA 2120.8 SIM 2126.19 MAA 2134.35 ABR 2143.74 MXO 2146.89 KWI 2152.75 BMN 2160.47 SRPJ 2169.12 BNS 2177.54 PDWA 2187.51 SOH 2187.51 KVJ 2195.32 NANA 2204.27 KTR 2210.64 MOI 2216.9 JWB 2226.33 BRLY 2234.43 FA 2242.44 KZQ 2250.59 RANI 2257.2 BGPR 2265.27 JAL 2272.59 SOS 2281.1 BWA 2287.1 BGG 2293.03 AUWA 2300.37 30 stations MJ 2308.69 DRS 2317.84 BFY 2324.4 SOD 2329.96 BQN 2335.2 BGX 2339.71 CNL 2345.11 GRI 2355.45 HP 2363.24 BAR 2373.75 SEU 2382.52 APA 2390.66 BER 2396.32 BNGM 2401.37 PPF 2405.84 KRW 2411.92 LNA 2418.22 MLI 2423.02 MKRA 2428.19 SDH 2432.96 DOZ 2441.25 XX-DOZC 2445.86 21 stations MDJN 2451.57 LR 2458.69 GEK 2464.34 KSG 2470.33 MNDV 2479.68 TL 2484.55 GLTA 2488.79 SALI 2495.85 SK 2502.69 DTRA 2510.17 NRI 2514.62 BNWS 2519.54 11 stations FL 2525.09 PKBS 2530.5 KNDL 2535.5 SFE 2542.47 BILA 2548.77 MNHA 2554.2 RNW 2559.45 PCMK 2566.84 BDHL 2574.45 KMNP 2582.12 9 stations RGS 2592.0 SNTH 2598.69 BOTI 2603.51 PLSN 2614.74 RNIS 2623.17 GIO 2628.25 5 stations SIKR 2642.1 RDK 2657.06 LNH 2669.46 FPS 2689.21 QMRS 2700.95 RSWT 2709.08 MWR 2714.42 BUB 2720.37 7 stations CUR 2732.56 ASLU 2747.16 SRSL 2756.0 DKX 2761.29 HYL 2774.34 DKWA 2781.96 5 stations SDLP 2790.38 XX-SDLC 2793.6 1 stations SURP 2794.42 LSE 2803.93 JUP 2810.74 SWNI 2830.13 BVZ 2835.89 CRW 2841.54 5 stations HSR 2860.32 XX-RPHRO 2865.14 1 stations RPHR 2865.73 DNX 2872.32 BFN 2878.61 BXC 2892.01 DULP 2901.3 UKN 2906.99 GJW 2915.28 PLT 2920.73 JPS 2929.29 KUDN 2934.3 9 stations JHL 2941.89 GRN 2949.34 LHA 2958.19 GGKR 2964.33 CJL 2970.04 SFM 2979.73 SFMU 2979.79 BZ 2985.45 SAG 2992.42 BSS 3000.21 9 stations DUI 3008.52 HMI 3018.31 MET 3025.32 KUP 3035.02 RHW 3039.29 AHH 3045.19 GNGR 3048.53 QRP 3052.83 JSL 3057.23 GILL 3062.36 9 stations LDH 3070.6 LDW 3079.55 1 stations PHR 3084.02 BTTN 3090.89 GRY 3096.61 MAUL 3100.83 3 stations PGW 3106.48 CEU 3114.23 1 stations JRC 3122.97 SCPD 3126.81 DRE 3135.23 AWL 3137.21 BSPD 3140.22 KKL 3143.02 MHWL 3147.35 BPRS 3151.95 SWU 3154.98 CGH 3159.07 TDO 3165.18 KZX 3173.16 GSB 3177.23 DZA 3180.42 UCB 3187.21 GPW 3189.0 MEX 3196.02 MSBR 3200.31 BNGL 3205.47 CKKN 3210.04 BLCA 3212.67 MRTL 3215.67 GILA 3222.01 KNDI 3226.3 BHCH 3232.84 PTKC 3235.61 25 stations BHRL 3238.24 SJNP 3243.66 MDPB 3250.54 KTHU 3258.75 BDHY 3271.11 CHNR 3278.57 CKDL 3284.06 HRNR 3287.61 GHGL 3293.12 SMBX 3302.39 BHBT 3309.03 VJPJ 3313.77 BBMN 3326.29 12 stations JAT 3334.82
Hide/Show Train Stations IMG30021-2248950/♥♥Thiruv... 537 Stations Km TVC 0.0 TVP 2.48 KCVL 7.08 VELI 9.28 KZK 13.25 KXP 17.33 MQU 21.31 PGZ 24.57 CRY 28.64 KVU 31.78 AMY 34.49 VAK 40.89 EVA 44.65 KFI 47.56 PVU 52.12 MYY 55.67 IRP 59.95 QLN 64.55 PRND 73.65 MQO 79.49 STKT 84.01 KPY 91.81 OCR 99.37 KYJ 105.45 CHPD 113.17 HAD 118.36 KVTA 124.22 TZH 130.86 AMPA 136.57 PNPR 141.62 ALLP 148.8 TMPY 152.79 KAVR 158.25 MAKM 161.61 TRVZ 166.71 SRTL 172.56 VAY 178.9 TUVR 182.59 EZP 187.66 AROR 193.14 KUMM 198.25 TNU 201.47 41 stations ERS 205.97 ERSC 207.52 ERN 208.52 IPL 214.62 KLMR 219.25 AWY 225.46 CWR 228.66 AFK 234.6 KUC 239.43 KRAN 243.93 DINR 247.72 CKI 250.11 IJK 256.18 NYI 262.69 PUK 266.5 OLR 273.5 TCR 279.98 PNQ 282.36 MGK 289.27 WKI 296.75 MUC 305.04 VTK 309.04 SRRB 311.88 SRR 313.06 KRKD 318.66 PTB 324.57 KODN 329.29 PUM 333.66 PEU 338.95 KTU 342.99 TUA 349.44 TIR 358.05 TA 366.05 PGI 374.14 VLI 379.12 KN 384.6 FK 389.31 KUL 397.49 CLT 399.29 VLL 401.2 WH 403.85 ETR 411.09 CMC 418.23 QLD 423.62 VEK 429.08 TKT 432.87 PYOL 435.85 IGL 441.75 BDJ 445.55 NAU 451.0 MUKE 454.66 MAHE 458.42 JGE 465.26 TLY 467.65 DMD 472.11 ETK 475.94 CS 484.68 CAN 488.33 CQL 493.16 VAPM 495.23 PPNS 496.79 KPQ 502.82 PAZ 510.35 ELM 519.22 PAY 522.0 TKQ 528.21 CDRA 532.54 CHV 536.77 NLE 542.03 KZE 551.32 BFR 560.09 KQK 564.95 KLAD 571.5 KGQ 574.43 KMQ 586.64 UAA 596.49 MJS 603.34 ULL 611.81 TKOT 615.2 NTVT 617.71 XX-MAJO 618.69 80 stations MAJN 621.56 XX-MAJC 623.02 XX-PADB 623.87 KULA 626.2 JOKT 635.32 TOK 637.98 XX-TOKC 639.2 SL 642.3 MULK 651.35 NAND 658.71 PDD 667.85 INJ 674.57 UD 683.97 BKJ 700.27 KUDA 715.96 SEN 729.76 BIJR 743.57 BYNR 749.5 SHMI 757.37 BTJL 764.62 CTTP 770.8 MRDW 779.38 MANK 787.84 HNA 805.56 KT 819.41 MRJN 826.3 GOK 838.43 ANKL 846.52 HAA 860.83 KAWR 874.56 AT 882.31 LOL 891.85 CNO 901.78 BLLI 918.35 33 stations MAO 934.75 SRVX 939.3 MJO 942.33 VEN 947.28 KRMI 963.43 THVM 980.87 PERN 991.8 MADR 1002.41 SWV 1010.3 ZARP 1020.83 KUDL 1031.12 SNDD 1041.72 KKW 1059.41 NAN 1074.86 ACRN 1081.65 VBW 1090.53 KRPN 1098.6 RAJP 1107.1 SUAL 1114.46 VID 1123.8 VRLI 1129.37 ADVI 1139.39 NIV 1155.56 22 stations RN 1170.85 BOKE 1177.5 UKC 1190.01 SGR 1203.73 KDVI 1211.09 AVRD 1223.99 SVX 1227.76 KMAH 1236.53 CHI 1246.26 ANO 1262.45 KHED 1275.86 KLBN 1283.72 DWV 1293.48 VINH 1303.4 KFD 1311.46 SAPE 1319.71 VEER 1327.24 GNO 1333.47 MNI 1343.79 INP 1350.38 KOL 1361.26 ROHA 1374.28 NIDI 1378.27 NGTN 1387.25 KASU 1400.64 PEN 1414.16 HMRR 1424.25 JITE 1429.06 APTA 1433.67 RSYI 1437.11 SMNE 1443.78 30 stations PNVL 1449.07 KLMG 1454.04 KLMC 1454.09 NVRD 1456.54 TPND 1459.88 NIIJ 1468.51 AGSN 1471.97 DTVL 1472.71 DWJN 1474.25 KOPR 1476.93 UBCN 1480.64 BIRD 1484.91 KHBV 1493.07 KARD 1501.35 JCNR 1506.91 BSR 1512.24 NSP 1516.37 VCSV 1518.32 VR 1520.59 VTN 1529.13 SAH 1536.95 KLV 1543.29 PLG 1551.69 UOI 1558.24 BOR 1562.98 VGN 1572.39 DRD 1584.7 GVD 1595.82 BRRD 1600.74 UBR 1605.22 SJN 1610.38 BLD 1621.92 KEB 1626.79 VAPI 1633.2 BAGD 1640.02 UVD 1643.11 PAD 1648.88 ATUL 1652.59 BL 1659.34 DGI 1668.4 JRS 1673.5 BIM 1677.54 AML 1682.9 ACL 1686.76 VDH 1690.15 HXR 1694.01 GNST 1695.49 NVS 1698.62 MRL 1707.03 SCH 1713.66 BHET 1718.75 XX-UDNB 1721.03 UDN 1724.22 ST 1728.22 URN 1731.91 KSE 1735.23 GTX 1738.75 SYN 1741.9 KDSD 1749.04 KIM 1751.81 KSB 1759.61 HAT 1763.97 PAO 1767.8 SNJL 1772.43 AKV 1778.07 CCTA 1778.82 BH 1787.38 XX-BHBC 1788.69 CVJ 1793.06 NIU 1799.57 VRE 1806.58 PLJ 1812.92 LKD 1819.99 MYG 1828.12 KSPR 1835.82 ITA 1839.82 VRM 1843.68 MPR 1849.33 VS 1854.99 78 stations BRC 1857.93 BRGY 1862.19 BRGZ 1864.01 CYI 1865.6 PIO 1872.29 AIR 1878.82 SMLA 1884.54 LAN 1890.1 CPN 1895.8 BKRL 1901.73 DRL 1908.27 BOA 1914.96 KRSA 1921.04 GDA 1931.7 KIZ 1936.3 CCL 1943.22 SAT 1952.17 PPD 1964.1 LMK 1971.96 MAM 1981.61 USRA 1987.03 JKT 1994.47 RET 1999.92 DHD 2004.87 DHMA 2009.84 BIO 2015.54 ANAS 2023.44 NRH 2032.17 MGN 2038.01 THDR 2046.15 BJG 2053.11 PCN 2059.96 AGR 2069.46 BMI 2073.62 BOG 2079.64 RTI 2091.53 BILD 2098.7 MRN 2107.63 DRRN 2113.73 RTD 2117.18 RTM 2118.76 RTME 2121.78 BOD 2128.23 RNH 2135.65 KUH 2146.11 BRNA 2151.86 NAD 2159.83 RLK 2170.36 MEP 2176.96 LNR 2187.54 VMA 2199.94 THUR 2208.47 TLZ 2217.37 CMU 2222.57 NKH 2232.3 SVA 2237.93 HNU 2244.77 SGZ 2251.66 GOH 2262.26 KRLS 2272.23 BWM 2284.88 DKRA 2295.09 JHW 2301.37 XX-RMAO 2311.53 RMA 2313.03 MKX 2323.29 KIW 2328.91 DARA 2337.5 RDT 2350.48 CSRR 2351.05 DKQ 2356.79 ALNI 2362.35 DDV 2369.2 DKNT 2376.06 KTSC 2382.24 KTTY 2383.54 75 stations KOTA 2385.27 KCCN 2386.89 GCCN 2387.55 GQL 2390.76 GNCN 2393.07 GQLN 2393.08 KPTN 2398.6 ARE 2409.61 KPZ 2418.64 GKB 2428.8 LBN 2438.26 LKE 2445.85 IDG 2456.72 AMLI 2469.77 RWJ 2477.53 KTA 2485.86 SWM 2493.15 SMDC 2496.42 RNT 2503.16 MXL 2512.39 MLZ 2523.21 NMD 2530.28 NNW 2539.94 LRU 2550.58 GGC 2556.88 COO 2569.63 PDZ 2577.49 KNDP 2583.64 SMVJ 2591.06 SKDM 2596.52 HAN 2601.15 DNHK 2609.51 FSP 2614.37 DY 2625.02 BXN 2634.05 SABD 2641.59 KEV 2646.03 PNGR 2654.96 JCU 2660.39 SWAR 2666.3 XX-BTEC 2673.36 BTE 2676.05 DUM 2684.31 RKR 2688.38 JJA 2692.25 CRG 2698.34 MSRP 2700.7 MTJ 2709.55 BTSR 2712.26 VRBD 2719.74 AJH 2730.74 CHJ 2740.78 KSV 2751.02 HDL 2763.38 BNCR 2770.53 SHLK 2773.7 RDE 2784.15 PWL 2793.5 AST 2804.82 PYLA 2808.75 BVH 2814.75 FDN 2818.77 FDB 2822.58 TKDC 2827.14 TKD 2832.89 TKEC 2836.78 OKA 2839.96 OKAC 2841.58 NZM 2843.52 PGMD 2846.69 TKJ 2848.4 CSB 2849.67 71 stations NDLS 2850.8 DSB 2852.69 XX-DKZO 2853.98 SZM 2854.86 DAZ 2859.39 ANDI 2861.0 BHD 2865.58 KHKN 2868.89 HUK 2872.72 NUR 2877.95 RDDE 2884.83 HNN 2889.83 SNP 2895.24 SLKN 2903.65 RUG 2906.69 GNU 2911.23 BDMJ 2917.18 SMK 2923.47 DWNA 2932.3 PNP 2940.59 BBDE 2947.21 KFU 2952.32 GRA 2957.36 BZJT 2965.42 KUN 2974.86 BZK 2981.64 TRR 2987.0 NLKR 2990.99 AMIN 2999.49 KKDE 3008.02 DHKR 3013.54 DPP 3018.97 DHMZ 3024.44 SHDM 3030.14 MOY 3040.27 UMB 3049.95 UMBY 3051.61 UBC 3057.56 SMU 3067.12 RPJ 3077.84 SBJ 3087.28 SDY 3095.45 SIR 3103.27 GVG 3112.78 KNN 3120.96 CHA 3131.84 JSPN 3137.17 DOA 3141.26 SNL 3148.5 DDL 3156.23 BHOI 3160.58 50 stations LDH 3163.54 LDW 3172.49 PHR 3176.96 BTTN 3183.83 GRY 3189.55 MAUL 3193.77 PGW 3199.42 CEU 3207.17 JRC 3215.91 SCPD 3219.75 DRE 3228.17 AWL 3230.15 BSPD 3233.16 KKL 3235.96 MHWL 3240.29 BPRS 3244.89 SWU 3247.92 CGH 3252.01 TDO 3258.12 KZX 3266.1 GSB 3270.17 DZA 3273.36 UCB 3280.15 GPW 3281.94 MEX 3288.96 MSBR 3293.25 BNGL 3298.41 CKKN 3302.98 BLCA 3305.61 MRTL 3308.61 GILA 3314.95 KNDI 3319.24 BHCH 3325.78 PTKC 3328.55 BHRL 3331.18 SJNP 3336.6 MDPB 3343.48 KTHU 3351.69 BDHY 3364.05 CHNR 3371.51 CKDL 3377.0 HRNR 3380.55 GHGL 3386.06 SMBX 3395.33 BHBT 3401.97 VJPJ 3406.71 BBMN 3419.23 46 stations JAT 3427.76
Scroll to Top
Scroll to Bottom
Important Note: This website NEVER solicits for Money or Donations. Please beware of anyone requesting/demanding money on behalf of IRI. Thanks. Disclaimer: This website has
NO affiliation with the Government-run site of Indian Railways. This site does NOT claim 100% accuracy of fast-changing Rail Information. YOU are responsible for independently confirming the validity of information through other sources.